Some devices require exclusive write access to shared virtual memory (SVM) ranges to perform atomic operations on that memory. This requires CPU page tables to be updated to deny access whilst atomic operations are occurring.
In order to do this introduce a new swap entry type (SWP_DEVICE_EXCLUSIVE). When a SVM range needs to be marked for exclusive access by a device all page table mappings for the particular range are replaced with device exclusive swap entries. This causes any CPU access to the page to result in a fault.
Faults are resovled by replacing the faulting entry with the original mapping. This results in MMU notifiers being called which a driver uses to update access permissions such as revoking atomic access. After notifiers have been called the device will no longer have exclusive access to the region.
Signed-off-by: Alistair Popple apopple@nvidia.com
---
v5: * Renamed range->migrate_pgmap_owner to range->owner. * Added MMU_NOTIFY_EXCLUSIVE to allow passing of a driver cookie which allows notifiers called as a result of make_device_exclusive_range() to be ignored. * Added a check to try_to_protect_one() to detect if the pages originally returned from get_user_pages() have been unmapped or not. * Removed check_device_exclusive_range() as it is no longer required with the other changes. * Documentation update.
v4: * Add function to check that mappings are still valid and exclusive. * s/long/unsigned long/ in make_device_exclusive_entry(). --- Documentation/vm/hmm.rst | 19 +++- include/linux/mmu_notifier.h | 25 ++++- include/linux/rmap.h | 4 + include/linux/swap.h | 4 +- include/linux/swapops.h | 44 +++++++- mm/hmm.c | 5 + mm/memory.c | 107 +++++++++++++++++- mm/mprotect.c | 8 ++ mm/page_vma_mapped.c | 9 +- mm/rmap.c | 203 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 10 files changed, 417 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)
diff --git a/Documentation/vm/hmm.rst b/Documentation/vm/hmm.rst index 09e28507f5b2..a5fdee82c037 100644 --- a/Documentation/vm/hmm.rst +++ b/Documentation/vm/hmm.rst @@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ between device driver specific code and shared common code: walks to fill in the ``args->src`` array with PFNs to be migrated. The ``invalidate_range_start()`` callback is passed a ``struct mmu_notifier_range`` with the ``event`` field set to - ``MMU_NOTIFY_MIGRATE`` and the ``migrate_pgmap_owner`` field set to + ``MMU_NOTIFY_MIGRATE`` and the ``owner`` field set to the ``args->pgmap_owner`` field passed to migrate_vma_setup(). This is allows the device driver to skip the invalidation callback and only invalidate device private MMU mappings that are actually migrating. @@ -405,6 +405,23 @@ between device driver specific code and shared common code:
The lock can now be released.
+Exclusive access memory +======================= + +Not all devices support atomic access to system memory. To support atomic +operations to a shared virtual memory page such a device needs access to that +page which is exclusive of any userspace access from the CPU. The +``make_device_exclusive_range()`` function can be used to make a memory range +inaccessible from userspace. + +This replaces all mappings for pages in the given range with special swap +entries. Any attempt to access the swap entry results in a fault which is +resovled by replacing the entry with the original mapping. A driver gets +notified that the mapping has been changed by MMU notifiers, after which point +it will no longer have exclusive access to the page. Exclusive access is +guranteed to last until the driver drops the page lock and page reference, at +which point any CPU faults on the page may proceed as described. + Memory cgroup (memcg) and rss accounting ========================================
diff --git a/include/linux/mmu_notifier.h b/include/linux/mmu_notifier.h index b8200782dede..455e269bf825 100644 --- a/include/linux/mmu_notifier.h +++ b/include/linux/mmu_notifier.h @@ -41,7 +41,12 @@ struct mmu_interval_notifier; * * @MMU_NOTIFY_MIGRATE: used during migrate_vma_collect() invalidate to signal * a device driver to possibly ignore the invalidation if the - * migrate_pgmap_owner field matches the driver's device private pgmap owner. + * owner field matches the driver's device private pgmap owner. + * + * @MMU_NOTIFY_EXCLUSIVE: to signal a device driver that the device will no + * longer have exclusive access to the page. May ignore the invalidation that's + * part of make_device_exclusive_range() if the owner field + * matches the value passed to make_device_exclusive_range(). */ enum mmu_notifier_event { MMU_NOTIFY_UNMAP = 0, @@ -51,6 +56,7 @@ enum mmu_notifier_event { MMU_NOTIFY_SOFT_DIRTY, MMU_NOTIFY_RELEASE, MMU_NOTIFY_MIGRATE, + MMU_NOTIFY_EXCLUSIVE, };
#define MMU_NOTIFIER_RANGE_BLOCKABLE (1 << 0) @@ -269,7 +275,7 @@ struct mmu_notifier_range { unsigned long end; unsigned flags; enum mmu_notifier_event event; - void *migrate_pgmap_owner; + void *owner; };
static inline int mm_has_notifiers(struct mm_struct *mm) @@ -528,7 +534,17 @@ static inline void mmu_notifier_range_init_migrate( { mmu_notifier_range_init(range, MMU_NOTIFY_MIGRATE, flags, vma, mm, start, end); - range->migrate_pgmap_owner = pgmap; + range->owner = pgmap; +} + +static inline void mmu_notifier_range_init_exclusive( + struct mmu_notifier_range *range, unsigned int flags, + struct vm_area_struct *vma, struct mm_struct *mm, + unsigned long start, unsigned long end, void *owner) +{ + mmu_notifier_range_init(range, MMU_NOTIFY_EXCLUSIVE, flags, vma, mm, + start, end); + range->owner = owner; }
#define ptep_clear_flush_young_notify(__vma, __address, __ptep) \ @@ -658,6 +674,9 @@ static inline void _mmu_notifier_range_init(struct mmu_notifier_range *range, #define mmu_notifier_range_init_migrate(range, flags, vma, mm, start, end, \ pgmap) \ _mmu_notifier_range_init(range, start, end) +#define mmu_notifier_range_init_exclusive(range, flags, vma, mm, start, end, \ + owner) \ + _mmu_notifier_range_init(range, start, end)
static inline bool mmu_notifier_range_blockable(const struct mmu_notifier_range *range) diff --git a/include/linux/rmap.h b/include/linux/rmap.h index 6062e0cfca2d..b207c138cbff 100644 --- a/include/linux/rmap.h +++ b/include/linux/rmap.h @@ -193,6 +193,10 @@ int page_referenced(struct page *, int is_locked, bool try_to_migrate(struct page *page, enum ttu_flags flags); bool try_to_unmap(struct page *, enum ttu_flags flags);
+int make_device_exclusive_range(struct mm_struct *mm, unsigned long start, + unsigned long end, struct page **pages, + void *arg); + /* Avoid racy checks */ #define PVMW_SYNC (1 << 0) /* Look for migarion entries rather than present PTEs */ diff --git a/include/linux/swap.h b/include/linux/swap.h index 516104b9334b..7a3c260146df 100644 --- a/include/linux/swap.h +++ b/include/linux/swap.h @@ -63,9 +63,11 @@ static inline int current_is_kswapd(void) * to a special SWP_DEVICE_* entry. */ #ifdef CONFIG_DEVICE_PRIVATE -#define SWP_DEVICE_NUM 2 +#define SWP_DEVICE_NUM 4 #define SWP_DEVICE_WRITE (MAX_SWAPFILES+SWP_HWPOISON_NUM+SWP_MIGRATION_NUM) #define SWP_DEVICE_READ (MAX_SWAPFILES+SWP_HWPOISON_NUM+SWP_MIGRATION_NUM+1) +#define SWP_DEVICE_EXCLUSIVE_WRITE (MAX_SWAPFILES+SWP_HWPOISON_NUM+SWP_MIGRATION_NUM+2) +#define SWP_DEVICE_EXCLUSIVE_READ (MAX_SWAPFILES+SWP_HWPOISON_NUM+SWP_MIGRATION_NUM+3) #else #define SWP_DEVICE_NUM 0 #endif diff --git a/include/linux/swapops.h b/include/linux/swapops.h index 81008b0179cc..20b726e27f37 100644 --- a/include/linux/swapops.h +++ b/include/linux/swapops.h @@ -120,6 +120,27 @@ static inline bool is_writable_device_private_entry(swp_entry_t entry) { return unlikely(swp_type(entry) == SWP_DEVICE_WRITE); } + +static inline swp_entry_t make_readable_device_exclusive_entry(pgoff_t offset) +{ + return swp_entry(SWP_DEVICE_EXCLUSIVE_READ, offset); +} + +static inline swp_entry_t make_writable_device_exclusive_entry(pgoff_t offset) +{ + return swp_entry(SWP_DEVICE_EXCLUSIVE_WRITE, offset); +} + +static inline bool is_device_exclusive_entry(swp_entry_t entry) +{ + return swp_type(entry) == SWP_DEVICE_EXCLUSIVE_READ || + swp_type(entry) == SWP_DEVICE_EXCLUSIVE_WRITE; +} + +static inline bool is_writable_device_exclusive_entry(swp_entry_t entry) +{ + return unlikely(swp_type(entry) == SWP_DEVICE_EXCLUSIVE_WRITE); +} #else /* CONFIG_DEVICE_PRIVATE */ static inline swp_entry_t make_readable_device_private_entry(pgoff_t offset) { @@ -140,6 +161,26 @@ static inline bool is_writable_device_private_entry(swp_entry_t entry) { return false; } + +static inline swp_entry_t make_readable_device_exclusive_entry(pgoff_t offset) +{ + return swp_entry(0, 0); +} + +static inline swp_entry_t make_writable_device_exclusive_entry(pgoff_t offset) +{ + return swp_entry(0, 0); +} + +static inline bool is_device_exclusive_entry(swp_entry_t entry) +{ + return false; +} + +static inline bool is_writable_device_exclusive_entry(swp_entry_t entry) +{ + return false; +} #endif /* CONFIG_DEVICE_PRIVATE */
#ifdef CONFIG_MIGRATION @@ -219,7 +260,8 @@ static inline struct page *pfn_swap_entry_to_page(swp_entry_t entry) */ static inline bool is_pfn_swap_entry(swp_entry_t entry) { - return is_migration_entry(entry) || is_device_private_entry(entry); + return is_migration_entry(entry) || is_device_private_entry(entry) || + is_device_exclusive_entry(entry); }
struct page_vma_mapped_walk; diff --git a/mm/hmm.c b/mm/hmm.c index 11df3ca30b82..fad6be2bf072 100644 --- a/mm/hmm.c +++ b/mm/hmm.c @@ -26,6 +26,8 @@ #include <linux/mmu_notifier.h> #include <linux/memory_hotplug.h>
+#include "internal.h" + struct hmm_vma_walk { struct hmm_range *range; unsigned long last; @@ -271,6 +273,9 @@ static int hmm_vma_handle_pte(struct mm_walk *walk, unsigned long addr, if (!non_swap_entry(entry)) goto fault;
+ if (is_device_exclusive_entry(entry)) + goto fault; + if (is_migration_entry(entry)) { pte_unmap(ptep); hmm_vma_walk->last = addr; diff --git a/mm/memory.c b/mm/memory.c index 3a5705cfc891..6e634104b9ae 100644 --- a/mm/memory.c +++ b/mm/memory.c @@ -781,6 +781,27 @@ copy_nonpresent_pte(struct mm_struct *dst_mm, struct mm_struct *src_mm, pte = pte_swp_mkuffd_wp(pte); set_pte_at(src_mm, addr, src_pte, pte); } + } else if (is_device_exclusive_entry(entry)) { + page = pfn_swap_entry_to_page(entry); + + get_page(page); + rss[mm_counter(page)]++; + + if (is_writable_device_exclusive_entry(entry) && + is_cow_mapping(vm_flags)) { + /* + * COW mappings require pages in both + * parent and child to be set to read. + */ + entry = make_readable_device_exclusive_entry( + swp_offset(entry)); + pte = swp_entry_to_pte(entry); + if (pte_swp_soft_dirty(*src_pte)) + pte = pte_swp_mksoft_dirty(pte); + if (pte_swp_uffd_wp(*src_pte)) + pte = pte_swp_mkuffd_wp(pte); + set_pte_at(src_mm, addr, src_pte, pte); + } } set_pte_at(dst_mm, addr, dst_pte, pte); return 0; @@ -1287,7 +1308,8 @@ static unsigned long zap_pte_range(struct mmu_gather *tlb, }
entry = pte_to_swp_entry(ptent); - if (is_device_private_entry(entry)) { + if (is_device_private_entry(entry) || + is_device_exclusive_entry(entry)) { struct page *page = pfn_swap_entry_to_page(entry);
if (unlikely(details && details->check_mapping)) { @@ -1303,7 +1325,10 @@ static unsigned long zap_pte_range(struct mmu_gather *tlb,
pte_clear_not_present_full(mm, addr, pte, tlb->fullmm); rss[mm_counter(page)]--; - page_remove_rmap(page, false); + + if (is_device_private_entry(entry)) + page_remove_rmap(page, false); + put_page(page); continue; } @@ -3256,6 +3281,81 @@ void unmap_mapping_range(struct address_space *mapping, } EXPORT_SYMBOL(unmap_mapping_range);
+static void restore_exclusive_pte(struct vm_area_struct *vma, + struct page *page, unsigned long address, + pte_t *ptep) +{ + pte_t pte; + swp_entry_t entry; + + pte = pte_mkold(mk_pte(page, READ_ONCE(vma->vm_page_prot))); + if (pte_swp_soft_dirty(*ptep)) + pte = pte_mksoft_dirty(pte); + + entry = pte_to_swp_entry(*ptep); + if (pte_swp_uffd_wp(*ptep)) + pte = pte_mkuffd_wp(pte); + else if (is_writable_device_exclusive_entry(entry)) + pte = maybe_mkwrite(pte_mkdirty(pte), vma); + + set_pte_at(vma->vm_mm, address, ptep, pte); + + /* + * No need to take a page reference as one was already + * created when the swap entry was made. + */ + if (PageAnon(page)) + page_add_anon_rmap(page, vma, address, false); + else + page_add_file_rmap(page, false); + + if (vma->vm_flags & VM_LOCKED) + mlock_vma_page(page); + + /* + * No need to invalidate - it was non-present before. However + * secondary CPUs may have mappings that need invalidating. + */ + update_mmu_cache(vma, address, ptep); +} + +/* + * Restore a potential device exclusive pte to a working pte entry + */ +static vm_fault_t remove_device_exclusive_entry(struct vm_fault *vmf) +{ + struct page *page = vmf->page; + struct vm_area_struct *vma = vmf->vma; + struct page_vma_mapped_walk pvmw = { + .page = page, + .vma = vma, + .address = vmf->address, + .flags = PVMW_SYNC, + }; + vm_fault_t ret = 0; + struct mmu_notifier_range range; + + lock_page(page); + mmu_notifier_range_init(&range, MMU_NOTIFY_CLEAR, 0, vma, vma->vm_mm, + vmf->address & PAGE_MASK, + (vmf->address & PAGE_MASK) + PAGE_SIZE); + mmu_notifier_invalidate_range_start(&range); + + while (page_vma_mapped_walk(&pvmw)) { + if (unlikely(!pte_same(*pvmw.pte, vmf->orig_pte))) { + page_vma_mapped_walk_done(&pvmw); + break; + } + + restore_exclusive_pte(vma, page, pvmw.address, pvmw.pte); + } + + unlock_page(page); + + mmu_notifier_invalidate_range_end(&range); + return ret; +} + /* * We enter with non-exclusive mmap_lock (to exclude vma changes, * but allow concurrent faults), and pte mapped but not yet locked. @@ -3283,6 +3383,9 @@ vm_fault_t do_swap_page(struct vm_fault *vmf) if (is_migration_entry(entry)) { migration_entry_wait(vma->vm_mm, vmf->pmd, vmf->address); + } else if (is_device_exclusive_entry(entry)) { + vmf->page = pfn_swap_entry_to_page(entry); + ret = remove_device_exclusive_entry(vmf); } else if (is_device_private_entry(entry)) { vmf->page = pfn_swap_entry_to_page(entry); ret = vmf->page->pgmap->ops->migrate_to_ram(vmf); diff --git a/mm/mprotect.c b/mm/mprotect.c index f21b760ec809..c6018541ea3d 100644 --- a/mm/mprotect.c +++ b/mm/mprotect.c @@ -165,6 +165,14 @@ static unsigned long change_pte_range(struct vm_area_struct *vma, pmd_t *pmd, newpte = swp_entry_to_pte(entry); if (pte_swp_uffd_wp(oldpte)) newpte = pte_swp_mkuffd_wp(newpte); + } else if (is_writable_device_exclusive_entry(entry)) { + entry = make_readable_device_exclusive_entry( + swp_offset(entry)); + newpte = swp_entry_to_pte(entry); + if (pte_swp_soft_dirty(oldpte)) + newpte = pte_swp_mksoft_dirty(newpte); + if (pte_swp_uffd_wp(oldpte)) + newpte = pte_swp_mkuffd_wp(newpte); } else { newpte = oldpte; } diff --git a/mm/page_vma_mapped.c b/mm/page_vma_mapped.c index eed988ab2e81..29842f169219 100644 --- a/mm/page_vma_mapped.c +++ b/mm/page_vma_mapped.c @@ -41,7 +41,8 @@ static bool map_pte(struct page_vma_mapped_walk *pvmw)
/* Handle un-addressable ZONE_DEVICE memory */ entry = pte_to_swp_entry(*pvmw->pte); - if (!is_device_private_entry(entry)) + if (!is_device_private_entry(entry) && + !is_device_exclusive_entry(entry)) return false; } else if (!pte_present(*pvmw->pte)) return false; @@ -93,7 +94,8 @@ static bool check_pte(struct page_vma_mapped_walk *pvmw) return false; entry = pte_to_swp_entry(*pvmw->pte);
- if (!is_migration_entry(entry)) + if (!is_migration_entry(entry) && + !is_device_exclusive_entry(entry)) return false;
pfn = swp_offset(entry); @@ -102,7 +104,8 @@ static bool check_pte(struct page_vma_mapped_walk *pvmw)
/* Handle un-addressable ZONE_DEVICE memory */ entry = pte_to_swp_entry(*pvmw->pte); - if (!is_device_private_entry(entry)) + if (!is_device_private_entry(entry) && + !is_device_exclusive_entry(entry)) return false;
pfn = swp_offset(entry); diff --git a/mm/rmap.c b/mm/rmap.c index b540b44e299a..8bf7bd0404ce 100644 --- a/mm/rmap.c +++ b/mm/rmap.c @@ -2005,6 +2005,209 @@ void try_to_munlock(struct page *page) rmap_walk(page, &rwc); }
+struct ttp_args { + struct mm_struct *mm; + unsigned long address; + void *arg; + bool valid; +}; + +static bool try_to_protect_one(struct page *page, struct vm_area_struct *vma, + unsigned long address, void *arg) +{ + struct mm_struct *mm = vma->vm_mm; + struct page_vma_mapped_walk pvmw = { + .page = page, + .vma = vma, + .address = address, + }; + struct ttp_args *ttp = (struct ttp_args *) arg; + pte_t pteval; + struct page *subpage; + bool ret = true; + struct mmu_notifier_range range; + swp_entry_t entry; + pte_t swp_pte; + + mmu_notifier_range_init_exclusive(&range, 0, vma, + vma->vm_mm, address, + min(vma->vm_end, + address + page_size(page)), + ttp->arg); + if (PageHuge(page)) { + /* + * If sharing is possible, start and end will be adjusted + * accordingly. + */ + adjust_range_if_pmd_sharing_possible(vma, &range.start, + &range.end); + } + mmu_notifier_invalidate_range_start(&range); + + while (page_vma_mapped_walk(&pvmw)) { + /* Unexpected PMD-mapped THP? */ + VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(!pvmw.pte, page); + + if (!pte_present(*pvmw.pte)) { + ret = false; + page_vma_mapped_walk_done(&pvmw); + break; + } + + subpage = page - page_to_pfn(page) + pte_pfn(*pvmw.pte); + address = pvmw.address; + + /* Nuke the page table entry. */ + flush_cache_page(vma, address, pte_pfn(*pvmw.pte)); + pteval = ptep_clear_flush(vma, address, pvmw.pte); + + /* Move the dirty bit to the page. Now the pte is gone. */ + if (pte_dirty(pteval)) + set_page_dirty(page); + + /* Update high watermark before we lower rss */ + update_hiwater_rss(mm); + + if (arch_unmap_one(mm, vma, address, pteval) < 0) { + set_pte_at(mm, address, pvmw.pte, pteval); + ret = false; + page_vma_mapped_walk_done(&pvmw); + break; + } + + /* + * Check that our target page is still mapped at the expected + * address. + */ + if (ttp->mm == mm && ttp->address == address && + pte_write(pteval)) + ttp->valid = true; + + /* + * Store the pfn of the page in a special migration + * pte. do_swap_page() will wait until the migration + * pte is removed and then restart fault handling. + */ + if (pte_write(pteval)) + entry = make_writable_device_exclusive_entry( + page_to_pfn(subpage)); + else + entry = make_readable_device_exclusive_entry( + page_to_pfn(subpage)); + swp_pte = swp_entry_to_pte(entry); + if (pte_soft_dirty(pteval)) + swp_pte = pte_swp_mksoft_dirty(swp_pte); + if (pte_uffd_wp(pteval)) + swp_pte = pte_swp_mkuffd_wp(swp_pte); + + /* Take a reference for the swap entry */ + get_page(page); + set_pte_at(mm, address, pvmw.pte, swp_pte); + + page_remove_rmap(subpage, PageHuge(page)); + put_page(page); + } + + mmu_notifier_invalidate_range_end(&range); + + return ret; +} + +/** + * try_to_protect - try to replace all page table mappings with swap entries + * @page: the page to replace page table entries for + * @flags: action and flags + * @mm: the mm_struct where the page is expected to be mapped + * @address: address where the page is expected to be mapped + * @arg: passed to MMU_NOTIFY_EXCLUSIVE range notifier callbacks + * + * Tries to remove all the page table entries which are mapping this page and + * replace them with special swap entries to grant a device exclusive access to + * the page. Caller must hold the page lock. + * + * Returns false if the page is still mapped, or if it could not be unmapped + * from the expected address. Otherwise returns true (success). + */ +static bool try_to_protect(struct page *page, struct mm_struct *mm, + unsigned long address, void *arg) +{ + struct ttp_args ttp = { + .mm = mm, + .address = address, + .arg = arg, + .valid = false, + }; + struct rmap_walk_control rwc = { + .rmap_one = try_to_protect_one, + .done = page_not_mapped, + .anon_lock = page_lock_anon_vma_read, + .arg = &ttp, + }; + + /* + * During exec, a temporary VMA is setup and later moved. + * The VMA is moved under the anon_vma lock but not the + * page tables leading to a race where migration cannot + * find the migration ptes. Rather than increasing the + * locking requirements of exec(), migration skips + * temporary VMAs until after exec() completes. + */ + if (!PageKsm(page) && PageAnon(page)) + rwc.invalid_vma = invalid_migration_vma; + + rmap_walk(page, &rwc); + + return ttp.valid && (!page_mapcount(page) ? true : false); +} + +/** + * make_device_exclusive_range() - Mark a range for exclusive use by a device + * @mm: mm_struct of assoicated target process + * @start: start of the region to mark for exclusive device access + * @end: end address of region + * @pages: returns the pages which were successfully marked for exclusive access + * @arg: passed to MMU_NOTIFY_EXCLUSIVE range notifier too allow filtering + * + * Returns: number of pages successfully marked for exclusive access + * + * This function finds ptes mapping page(s) to the given address range, locks + * them and replaces mappings with special swap entries preventing userspace CPU + * access. On fault these entries are replaced with the original mapping after + * calling MMU notifiers. + * + * A driver using this to program access from a device must use a mmu notifier + * critical section to hold a device specific lock during programming. Once + * programming is complete it should drop the page lock and reference after + * which point CPU access to the page will revoke the exclusive access. + */ +int make_device_exclusive_range(struct mm_struct *mm, unsigned long start, + unsigned long end, struct page **pages, + void *arg) +{ + unsigned long npages = (end - start) >> PAGE_SHIFT; + unsigned long i; + + npages = get_user_pages_remote(mm, start, npages, + FOLL_GET | FOLL_WRITE | FOLL_SPLIT_PMD, + pages, NULL, NULL); + for (i = 0; i < npages; i++, start += PAGE_SIZE) { + if (!trylock_page(pages[i])) { + put_page(pages[i]); + pages[i] = NULL; + continue; + } + + if (!try_to_protect(pages[i], mm, start, arg)) { + unlock_page(pages[i]); + put_page(pages[i]); + pages[i] = NULL; + } + } + + return npages; +} +EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(make_device_exclusive_range); + void __put_anon_vma(struct anon_vma *anon_vma) { struct anon_vma *root = anon_vma->root;