compton didn't cause problems for me under default 24 bit color-depth on X-Server 1.19.3. But Christoph's setup is running the new server 1.19.6, and the glxinfo shows various new 32 bit visuals, not only rgba 8 8 8 8 but also rgba 10 10 10 2. 1.19.6 contains the patch "glx: Duplicate relevant fbconfigs for compositing visuals" backported from master, adding lots new 32 bpp compositing visuals, so that might trigger the problems?